Russian submarine Introduction

Delta-class ballistic missile submarine. .


667bdr Delta III class "Delta" III-class ballistic missile submarine.








Main dimensions: Length 155 meters, width of 8 boats. .7 Meters, draft 9. .3 Meters. .


Displacement: 10600 tons (water)/16000 tons (underwater).


Speed: 19 knots (water) / 24 (underwater). .


Crew preparation: 130-135.


Potential Depth: 300 meters. .


Noise values: 135-155 DB.


Power Plant: two VM-4S type (OK-700A Type) pressurized water reactors, power of 60,000 horsepower; axis. .


Ballistic missiles: 16 Mei SS-N-18 (P-29P)-fish "(Stingray) submarine-launched ballistic missiles.


Torpedo: 6 533 mm torpedo tube, containing 18 of 53 torpedoes. .


Search radar: "magic disks" (Snoop Tray), I-band search radar.


Sonar: MGK-400 type "shark teeth" (Shark Teeth) Active / Passive sonar search and assault ship hull, medium / low frequency; "shark skin" (Shark Hide) passive flank array sonar, low frequency; MGK-519 type "mouse called" (Mouse Roar) initiative assault ship hull sonar, high-frequency. .


EW: "brick and mortar" (Zaliv-P/Brick Pulp) passive threats intercepted alarm system; the park lights "(Park Lamp) reconnaissance round side;" Sombrero "/" kremling "-2 (Rim Hat/Kremlin-2) electronic surveillance system.


Communication systems: two ultra-low-frequency electronic-measuring buoy communications; satellite navigation systems; ship inertial navigation system; "Huan Chun" (Pert Spring) satellite communications system; "cod eye" (Cod Eye) radiation measurements sextant. .


To the beginning of 2003, there were five deployed in the Pacific fleet, likely in 2003-2005 all decommissioned.


667bdrm Delta IV class "Delta" IV-class ballistic missile submarine. .














Displacement: 108 00 t (water), 135 00 t (underwater).


Boat Length: 166m. Waterline length: 158m. Boat width: 12m. Draught: 8. .7 M. .


Speed 24kn: (underwater), 14kn (water).


Staffing: 135. .


Power unit: nuclear power, 2 seater VM-4 PWR, power 180MW; 2 the power turbine, GT3A-365.27 .5MW (37 400 horsepower); 2 emergency motor, power, dual-axis 450KW.


Missiles: 16 Makajev Design Bureau SS-N-23 "vessel" ("no wind") ballistic missile with three liquid-fueled rocket, stellar inertial guidance, a range of 8300 km, with 4 to 10 points missile head, each warhead equivalent to 100kt, circular error probability 5 00 m. The diameter of this type of missiles with SS-N-18 the same, but its range further. With innovative home design bureau SS-N-15 "Star Fish" anti-submarine missiles, inertial guidance, a range of 45 km, can carry the equivalent of a nuclear warhead 200 kt or 40 torpedoes. .


Torpedo: 4 with 533mm torpedo tubes, used to carry torpedo 53cm, a total of 18 pieces.


Countermeasures: "Brick pulp" / "Zhuandui" electronic warfare equipment, "Park Lights" D / F radar warning equipment. .


Radar: "spot" on the sea, I-band search radar.


Sonar: "shark gill" Active / Passive, low / medium frequency sonar search and assault ship hull. "Black oyster snake" low-frequency passive flank array. "Rat called" active attack sonar frequency Hull. "Black Snake oyster" very low frequency towed array passive search. .


(A) background and plans.


1. Model generation. .


In the early 1960s, the former Soviet Navy to bear on limited land target for nuclear attack, the mission, with the construction of a ballistic missile launched SS-N-6 type "Yankee" (Yankee)-class ballistic missile submarine, in 1963 ~ 1974 has 34 vessels.


70's Navy assumed the former Soviet Union's efforts to enrich the greatest potential based strategic nuclear forces, to pursue a "limited intercontinental nuclear war" policy. View of the "Yankee" class nuclear submarines equipped SS-N-6 missile range only 3000km, slightly higher than the U.S. "North Star" A-1 missile range 2200km, not cover the United States, it started to develop SS-N-8 ballistic missile so in the Barents Sea, Arctic Ocean and North Pacific waters controlled by the former Soviet Union launched missiles at all the major cities in the United States. .


To be added to the boat becomes the "Delta" (DELTA)-class ballistic missile submarine, a total of four type, i.e. D-I (667 B), D-Ⅱ (667 B D), D-Ⅲ (667 B D R), and d-Ⅳ (667 B D R M)-type ballistic missile submarine.


2. Development program. .


(1) program overview.


"Delta" (D) class ballistic missile submarine program, developed from the late 60's SS-N-8 ballistic missile since it developed the SS-N-18, SS-N-23 missiles, each equipped with a DI, D - Ⅱ, D-Ⅲ and D-Ⅳ submarine, a total of 43, there are still 16 in service, is still the main force of the Russian strategic nuclear submarine, accounting for 88 of the total number of active ballistic missile submarines. .8%. .


(2) development schedule.


Start to develop the SS-N-8 ballistic missile: the late 60s. .


Start of construction of submarine D-I: 1969.


DI type the first boat in service: 1972. .


Start of construction of submarine D-ⅱ: 1972.


Deployment using the SS-N-8 ballistic missile: 1973. .


D-I-18 boat built: 1974.


D-Ⅱ type four boats built: 1975. .


Start of construction of submarine D-III: 1976.


SS-N-8 missiles deployed: 1977. .


Start the deployment using SS-N-18-type ballistic missiles: 1978.


Begin construction of D-Ⅳ submarine: 1981. .


14 D-III: boat built in 1982.


Began to deploy using the S8-N-23 ballistic missile: 1987. .


D-ⅳ 7 boat built: 1992.


(3) research and development unit. .


Design units for Ruby Design Bureau, construction of factory-severodvinsk shipyard (SeverodvinskShipyard) and Komsomolsk shipyard (KomsomolskShipyard).


3. Mission tasks. .


At design time to attack submarine in the United States as the main mission. She is equipped with the former Soviet Union, first-level higher in the submarine-based ballistic missile safer waters, you can override the u.s. launch of the territory of the large number of strategic objectives.


Times of peace, of the class can use the modified missile launch commercial satellites. .


4. service status.


"Delta" (D)-class nuclear submarines are currently 16 in service, the rest are retired:. .


D-I submarine in 1969 ~ 1974 has 18, there are still in service; 2.


D-Ⅱ submarine in 1972 and built in 1975, a total of four, now all out of active service;. .


D-ⅲ nuclear submarines in 1976 ~ 1982 has 14 ships, there are 7 ships in service, that is, K180, K211, K129, K449, K490, K506 boats; K496 and. ..


D-Ⅳ submarine was built from 1981 to 1992, seven, now all in service. .


(Ii) the overall performance and equipment.


1. General layout and structure. .


To be added to the boat used double-shell structure, drop a line. After the first round, thin, cylindrical boat. Boats in the small cabin layout, including the torpedo, the battery compartment, tanks, missile command, space, engine room, the reactor tank, host, and the tail tank. Using the tail of the surrounding shell rudder, as cross control surfaces.


The boat's four-level model in the overall arrangement between the boat and the structure is slightly different. DI-type missile boats larger size, so only the layout of 12 boats, missiles, tanks length 2m, and in section 4 section 5 of the missile with an increase of pressure between the bulkhead (see Figure 2. .2-8). .


D-II type boat assigned 16 SS-N-8 missile, the boat was central growth 15m. Missile tank height and D-I-boats are the same, but the non-outside cabin-pressure shell is a gradual downward, and the trailing non-pressure shells connected together.


D-Ⅲ type boat carrying SS-N-18 missiles, so boat lengths longer 5m, missiles, tank shells out of the non-pressure more high, heightening the superstructure 2. .5 M. .


D-ⅳ SS-N-23 missile boats, equipment, boat with "hump" or "turtle back" deck, guided missile non-pressure tank shell and the first few ships, at the end of the install location of a lower level of a certain angle, fin fin sides to increase stability.


2. Power unit. .


Line 2 boat equipped with a compact layout-PWR unit. D-I, D-ⅱ boats equipped with VM2-PWR, D-Ⅲ, D-ⅳ boats for VM4-PWR, two different internal structure of the heap, heap, 200MW power, can provide the shaft power 36. .75MW (50000hp), the core life 12 years, life may reach 300000nmile.


Boat equipped with 2 sets GT3A-365 type steam turbine gear reduction, the overall use of floating raft vibration-type base, axis, two 7 leaves fixed pitch propeller. .


3. weapons system.


The class missile boats and equipment in accordance with a principle of a submarine, because the equipment of different types of missiles, it is divided into 4 vessels. DI-type boat to install 12 missile launchers, to launch SS-N-8-1-type two-stage liquid-fuel missile with a range of 7800km. Power of each missile carrying a single warhead for the 1000ktTNT equivalent. Circular error probability for the 400m. .


D-II type boats equipped with 16 ballistic missile launching canister, SS-N-8-1 or 2. SS-N-8-2 missiles 9100km, each carrying two power for 800ktTNT equivalent of reentry warhead, rounded probability deviation 400m.


D-Ⅲ type boats to install 16 missile launchers, to launch SS-N-18 Type 2 liquid-fuel missiles.The missile is divided into 3 types: SS-N-18-1 missile with a range of 6500km, each carrying three power for 200ktTNT equivalent of reentry warhead, rounded probability deviation 900m; SS-N-18-2 missiles 8000km, each carrying power for the equivalent of a single bullet 450ktTNT, rounded probability deviation 900m; SS-N-18-3 missile with a range of 6500km, each carrying seven power for 200ktTNT equivalent of reentry warhead, rounded probability deviation 900m.


D-IV-type boat to install 16 missile launchers, to launch SS-N-23-type three liquid-fueled missile with a range of 8300km, each missile carrying 4 to 10 power for the 100ktTNT equivalent for Multiple warheads circular error probability of 500m. This type of missile and SS-N-18 missiles have the same diameter, but the missile longer. .


To be added to the boat's self-defense weapon 4 with 533mm torpedo tubes, you can launch 53-45kn, voyage, speed, hidden deep 20km; SS-N-15 anti-submarine missile 305m, 45km range. D-ⅲ boats are equipped with 2 more 400mm torpedo tubes, you can launch 40-30kn, speed, voyage 13km. Different types of boats of self-defense weapons load 18 PCs.


4. Electronic devices. .


To be added to the boat is equipped with the "burn"-sonar system, there is a high-power transmitter, with or without rib structure FRP sonar dome; "on the gill shark"-main/passive low frequency search and attack with hull sonar; "mouse song" active high-frequency attacks with hull sonar; "sharkskin" passive low-frequency sonar side; "pyramid" passive VLF search towed array sonar, in the upper portion of the vertical tail wing in tubular collectors.


The class boat equipped with a "cyclone" type integrated navigation systems, including inertial navigation, astronomy, navigation, satellite navigation, "cod fish eye" type radio sextant, navigation, sonar and other equipment for submarine boats provide accurate location data to improve emission missile accuracy. .


Boat traffic on UHF system and UHF communication antennas, VLF, Elf towed buoys and buoyancy antenna, "Spring"-type activities on satellite communication system, ensuring smooth submarine and shore-based command center communications..


Boats equipped with "public carriage" type combat information control systems, TV surveillance systems, computer center, etc.. Equipped with a "paddle brick / tile group" surveillance radar and electronic warfare systems, "Light field" finder, "snoop plate" I-band search radar and the sea, "Kerim" -2 type IFF. .


(Iii) technical characteristics analysis and commentary.


1. Technical characteristics. .


To be added to the boat was in the "Yankee"-class nuclear submarine developed on the basis of mainly improved weapon system, improve the overall operational capacity, has the following technical features:.


(1) highly offensive. .


To be added to the boat to equip SS-N-8 SS-N-18 SS-N-23, etc., and 3 missile warheads, for a total of 6 types of 4 ships development, attack-guiding ideology. Played a Russian on liquid fuel propulsion technology advantages, has adopted the principle of solid-liquid simultaneously. Missile range reaches the warheads 9000km adopts single warhead, cluster and reentry warhead, targeted, and increased penetration capability and combat power reach 500m, national sea attacks homeland.


(2) of vitality. .


To be added to the boat used double-shell structure, reserves for buoyancy, using a small subdivision, flooded not sink, boat and sail around the shell for the activities under the ice, retentions, resistance to impact and vitality.


(3) low noise, quiet and good. .


To be added to the boat with a lot of advanced noise reduction measures, boat shape smooth, flowing holes little, raft, vibration, the use of anechoic tiles 7 leaf highly skewed propeller, propeller machining precision, in the early 1990s the Russian submarine low noise levels.


(4) equipment, advanced power reactors. .


To be added to the boats equipped with VM4-PWR, single reactor power, the high speed. Reactor core life up to 12 years in service during the period of just one fuel. Use compact layout reduces power unit volume weight, a relatively high level of automatic control.


(5) to improve the livability and increase sustainability. .


To be added to the boat's tonnage, inboard space sufficient to enable the crew accommodation, food, lives and better health conditions, or with fitness room, solarium, sauna facilities, boat sustainability to 90 days to raise operational efficiency of the boat.


2. . Technical improvements. .


To be added to the boat for the first time in 1972, until 1992, boat building 43, technology has been improved,.


① missile made significant improvements, from two to three liquid liquid missile missile development, increase range and reduce the circular error probability, improved accuracy, using as many as 10 for Multiple warheads. .


② electronic equipment gradually improved. Sonar device performance is significantly improved, the use of integrated sonar systems, including the use of towed array sonar; improves performance inertial navigation, communications equipment, the use of advanced satellite communications and Elf communication; increased electronic warfare measures, improved radar equipment.


③ greatly improved noise performance. .


④ improve the overall performance of the boat, including boats increased size, increase the displacement, the boat better overall effectiveness.


3. Prospects for development. .


As a result of us-Russian strategic arms limitation Treaty limits the line boat boat retired 27, only 16 boat in service. At present, the D-II type of boat is completely retired. No longer required to be added to the construction of the new boat boats.


941 Typhoon class "Typhoon"-class ballistic missile submarine. .

















"Typhoon"-class ballistic missile submarine is by far the world's tonnage, the largest submarine. Hull includes two independent diameter 7. .2m pressure hull, shell is the shell-free water, there is a deposited, in anechoic tiles horizontally and boat bow Office there are also independent of the diameter of the pressure tank 6m. Along the side where the shell and the pressure hull between 1. .2m clearance. "Typhoon" class nuclear submarines are characterized by large volume, and the Launcher in the horizontal layout of the rudder. Purpose of this arrangement is to allow the missile launch tube bow area for the layout of all the weapons, but the level of rudder area for the layout of the reactor after each pressure hull in the layout of a reactor. The level of the class structure of the rudder was designed to penetrate thick ice at least 3m; its retractable rudder first level, round level of hull and rudder shape are the needs of navigation by ice design. Dive depth of 300m. The level of all boats are 533m torpedo tube launch tube.To be added to the boat is equipped with two sets of VLF/Elf communication buoy, ice sailing with VLF navigation system, "lively," satellite communication comb pole, "cod eye" and radiations Sextant Morejón "card identification friend or foe" 2. All boats are belong to the Russian base is located in the North Sea fleet, Lita SARE? Kouba. TK17, in 1992, when loading missiles damage due to fire, but has now been fixed. There are two since 1966 has been deactivated, the US Navy agrees to this reactor decommissioning of the two vessels and the fragmentation of the hull to provide help.


Of the class of the human costs and maintenance costs are high. All boats are not even in the replacement of the fuel prior to retirement, may retire in the fuel exhausted. .


Main dimensions: Captain 172. .8 m wide 23. .3 m, draught 11. .5 m S +).


Displacement: 21,500 tons (water) / 28,500 tons (submerged) or 28,500 tons (water) / 49,800 tons (submerged)??>. .


Speed: 19 knots (water)/27 (underwater) iJZ4b3.


Preparation: 150 (50 officers / two shifts) QO \. . S. .


Depth: 300 m & e}.


Holding force :90-120 days \ T% `4. .


Noise values: 130-150 decibels cS:.


Power Plant: 2 OK-650 type pressurized water reactors, power 200,000 horsepower; axis, 7 leaves ducted propeller. .]. .


Submarine-launched ballistic missiles: 20 SS-N-20 type (P-39) "sturgeon" ICBM. .eCd | Q..


Torpedo: 2 533 mm launch tube, to launch 53-65K torpedoes and SS-N-15 anti-submarine missiles; 4 650 mm launch tube, to launch 65-75 torpedoes and SS-N-16 anti-submarine missiles; The total payload is 36. .2 Q (LP. .


Search radar: "magic disks" (Snoop Tray), I-band search radar. .bZik7e.


Sonar: MGK-503M type "shark gills" (Skat-2/Shark Gill) Active / Passive sonar search and assault ship hull, medium / low frequency; MGK-519 type "mouse name" (Mouse Roar) initiative assault ship hull sonar, high-frequency. .? QS) gq. .


EW: "brick and mortar" (Zaliv-P/Brick Pulp) passive threats intercepted alarm system; the park lights "(Park Lamp) reconnaissance equipment.; side l/9.


Communication systems: ultra-low-frequency electronic-measuring buoy communications; satellite navigation systems; ship inertial navigation system; "Huan Chun" (Pert Spring) satellite communications system; "cod eye" (Cod Eye) radiation measurement sextant; "rounded edges of the cap "/" Kremling "-2 (Rim Hat/Kremlin-2) electronic surveillance system. . Q. .


955/935 Borei class "North wind God"-type strategic missile submarines.


Central Design Bureau of Russia ruby design. Submarine 170 meters long, 13 meters wide boats, boat was 10. .5 Meters, displacement of 1. .7 Million tons, staffing 130. The pressure shell 10 within the sub-module, power plant includes an OK-650 reactor and a low-noise motor, high-speed navigation using nuclear power forward, while low-speed navigation using electric propulsion. The maximum speed of 26, dive deeper than 450 m, the hull surface, sticking a thickness exceeding 150 mm anechoic tiles and the elimination of infrared characteristics, magnetic properties, such as wake characteristics, have taken a number of unique stealth measures .These invisible technology that allows the enemy in water or in the space are very hard to find their missing.


In the fire, the first one, "the god of the north wind" is equipped with 16 missile launchers, 12 ICBM with a range of 1. .5 Million km, with an accuracy of 300 ~ 500 meters. Expected from 2005 to 2007, a new service of "Borei" class submarines will be equipped with 16 most advanced "Bulava" submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In addition, the "God of North Wind" has also been equipped with a large number of self-defense weapons: 4 ~ 6 torpedo tubes and can carry 18 to 40 torpedoes and anti-submarine missiles, enhanced self-defense capability. Russian navy is also considering the future in the new "Borei" equipped with a speed of 200 knots of speed. .


Rocket torpedoes. Not only does this torpedo effective antisubmarine, but also against torpedoes. In the e-mail system, a new kind of "God of the North" installed on a boat "Stagecoach" type automatic operational control system and a set of Skat-sonar system, which includes boat first, broadside and towed array sonar. Comprehensive comparison, Russia's "stronger" God of the North America's "Ohio".


"Bulava" missile "Topol"-M submarine-based strategic ballistic missiles, shape and "Topol"-M similar, with solid fuel engines, can carry 10 nuclear warheads and a range of 8,000 kilometers. This submarine-launched strategic ballistic missiles against the power of the international media, no less, "Topol"-M. It is called "Round Hammer", a transliteration of "Brava", NATO code SS-NX-30. Tertiary structure of the "Bulava" missile length is 11. .5 M (without warheads), the maximum diameter of 2 meters, a launch weight of 36. .8 Tons. After installation of the length of its 12 warheads. .1 Meters.The missile is staffed by a canister of length 12. .1 m, diameter 2.1 m. It adopts "Topol"-m rapid burning solid rocket motors, tactical warhead re-entry, end of precision-guided and quick launch, and so a lot of new technology, extremely strong penetration, equipped with supersonic tactical ballistic to.


Aerial maneuver to implement. Can easily break through the U.S. "National Missile Defense system (NMD)". .


885 Severodvinsk Yasen class. "" (YASEN)-class nuclear submarines (885).


Russia's "Shark" - Ⅱ-class nuclear submarines based on the development of a "Jasen" (Yasen) class attack with cruise missiles, submarine-based combination. .


Yasen "-class nuclear submarines," is expected to build 7. The first boat "severodvinsk" (Severodvinsk), on 21 December 1993, in severodvinsk shipyard keel, is expected to be launched in 2003, 2005. Paragraphs 2, 3 boat has also been in October 1996, 1998, construction started, will be served after 2005.


Of the class will perform the attack nuclear submarines with cruise missiles, two combat-type mission, to conduct anti-submarine, anti-ship and attack targets on land and other tasks. .


To be added to the boat's displacement to 5900/8600t, main dimensions to 111 × 12 × 8. .4m, integration of a pressurized water reactor plant, two steam turbines, single-shaft, shaft power 44. .10MW (60000hp), underwater speed 31kn 77, crew (officers, 22).


Of the class using drop linear, submarines for 7 cabin layout, the torpedo compartment, living spaces, Zhihui Cang, cruise missiles, tanks, reactors, tanks, main cabin and Weicang (see Figure 2. .2-13). .


To be added to the boat is equipped with 2 and 4 with 650mm 533mm torpedo tubes, you can launch 53-65-torpedo, and SS-N-15, SS-N-16 anti-submarine missile. On the podium behind the cruise around shell watertight 8 cruise missile launch tube, you can launch remote SS-N-27-cruise/anti-ship missiles, weapons charge capacity of 38 pieces.


Of the class using the new integrated sonar system, including the first spherical array of passive low-frequency sonar, used for search and attack, flank array sonar and passive very low frequency towed array sonar and other lines. Boats and equipment to improve the integrated navigation system and electrostatic gyroscopes, satellite navigation, I-band search radar and electronic warfare surveillance radar. Of the class to take a variety of noise reduction measures, the boat lay outside the performance of sound absorption of different anechoic tile coatings and more than "Shark" class submarine is even lower noise. .


According to reports, Russia has begun to design improved line boat boats, the future will no longer be the construction of a dedicated cruise missile submarine.


949 / A Oscar I / II class "Oscar" class cruise missile submarine. .









T-class for the first time in July 1973, the Sevastopol review to see that it is the direct successor of the F-level, thereby ensuring the continued development of conventional submarines. Shipyard in Gorky to annual rate of 2. The plan termination.


Internal volume of the hull of the class compared with the F level increased significantly to improve the capacity of the battery compartment and comfort. Normal dive depth of 250m. Shell and the level of noise reduction rudder on a continuous coating. In 1992, a service in the North Sea Fleet of the class fitted with towed array in the tail pipe and casing in the horizontal rudder is equipped with a hinged front car, the boat known as the T-mod. Not the end of torpedo tube. .


Added the ability to have an offshore boats, sometimes deployed to Mediterranean and West African waters. Are North Sea fleet. The former two retired in 1995, 1996, the six vessels decommissioned, 1997 and four retired.


Displacement: 3100 t (water), 3800t (underwater). Captain: 91m. Boat Width: 9. .1 M. Draft: 7. .2 M. .


Speed: 16kn (underwater), 13kn (water). Life: 14 000 n mile/7kn (snorkel status), 500n mile/3kn (underwater). Staffing: 62 (12 officers).


Power Plant: Diesel - electric propulsion. 3, diesel engines, power 4. .6 MW (2 units 1. .4 MW, 1 Taiwan 1. .8 MW); 3 motors, power 3. .8 MW (2 previous article: K/K4B (Washa Fu Yang card) class conventional submarines..


677 Lada class "Rada"-class diesel-electric submarines.





Lada "class (Lada class) diesel-electric submarines for the 677 program (Project. .677) A product, as the 636 and 877 programs," Kilo "(Kilo class) the successor to the Russian Navy's latest sharp diesel-electric submarines, but also post-Soviet Russia's first launch of a traditional power potential,..


The first ship, the "St. Petersburg" (Sankt Peterburg) construction started in 1997, originally launched in 2000, but due to funding problems to make launching date had launched in 2004 and 2005 officially joined the Russian Navy is a member of the Baltic fleet service, 2010 planning will have 3 of the same type of boat to join the Russian Navy's portfolio.


"Lada" class diesel-electric submarines from the Russian famous "Ruby" Central Design Bureau of Marine Engineering Equipment (Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering Rubin) development, "Ruby" Design Bureau in Russia at present the most important submarine design, like the 949 square (Projec-t. .949) of the "Oscar" class (Oscar class) nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine, the 667 program (Project..667) "Delta" (Deelta class) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and 877 and 636 programme class (Kilo class) diesel submarines come from "Ruby" Design Bureau of the hand.


677 program is developed for the needs of the Russian Navy submarines fourth firewood to take over service for a long time in the 636 and 877 programs of Kilo-class diesel-electric submarines, while the 1650 program of "Amur" class (Amur class) was "Lada "class export version. .


The term "Lada" in Russian for "harmony", because the privacy terms, the authors take the transliteration of "Rada". As the Russian Navy's fourth firewood electric submarines, "Lada" class different from the past by a number of innovative design, such as single boat hull structure design, continuously variable DC generator with high capacity battery composed of Electric Propulsion Power module, the first generation of boat + tower + Lira broadside array of high sensitivity passive sonar system, highly automated vessel operation and fire control system, not through the pressure hull of the multi-sensor periscope system, new high-performance acoustic tile films and a new generation of underwater weapons and other new technology and design. .


Russia in "LADA"-class submarine gave in the past, very good at and decades of complex design, the previous Soviet submarines used complex shell structure design is because after upgrading the attack submarine underwater viability, due to the complex shell structure of underwater reserve buoyancy and afford torpedoes, mines, or nuclear attacks endurance is a single-hull structure is far from the battlefield, while emphasizing the high viability of strategic ballistic missile submarine, is particularly important.


However, there are many complex shell structure defects, the same space in submarines complex shell size and weight than single-hull boat hull structure of many large, greater resistance to underwater navigation, a relatively slow speed, the noise when navigating too large, underwater sports performance is also less flexible, which is either nuclear power or diesel-powered attack submarine is a rather unfavorable. .


In addition the complex design of construction difficulty and cost is relatively high, the "Ruby" Design Bureau in a new generation of "LADA"-class submarine to abandon the complex design and production design of single-shell structure.


"Lada" class submarine pressure hull is divided into a total of five watertight bulkhead, namely: torpedo / missile storage tank and battery room, the main control room, crew living spaces, engine room and electrical cabin. As a result of single-shell structure, a considerable space in the case of submarines, "Lada" level with the previous generation of complex shell structure design, "Kilo" a displacement of less than about 30%, reduced to 1,765 tons from 2,300 tons, the maximum speed from 19 knots submerged (35. .18 km / h) raised to 21 (38..9 km/h) submerged campaign performance is even more remarkable, the biggest dive depth of about 300 meters, to retain the original class level.


Heights quiet effect. .


Due to the elevation of the degree of automation, "Rada" class submarine of the crew from the class of 52 people fall to 35, the degree of automation. In the quiet performance, "Rada"-class submarine of the main sources of noise are set flexible base and damping, combined with strict noise control measures to enable the "Rada"-no matter what the noise decibels value than 636 programme class reduced by more than 10%.


Lay outside the pressure hull and fully named Molniya "Lightning," a new generation of acoustic tile, acoustic tile for this by the Institute of Marine Technology Kirilov (Krylov Shipbuildind Research) research, only 40 mm thickness, only the old acoustic half tiles, tile body by the absorption of 7-8 layers of different materials composed of rubber, so that it can take into account the sonar sound waves of various frequencies querying the best attenuation effect, dramatically reducing the enemy's sonar The effective detection range, and the appearance of a new generation of acoustic tile used in the past Soviet submarine's acoustic tile is more flat than to reduce the unnecessary navigation flow noise。.


877 / 636 Kylo class Kilo "class conventional submarines..


















Russian-class submarine, the "Ruby" Design Bureau. The existing four, the former two to 877EKM, no. 364, 365, Department of the South China Sea fleet; the latter two ships name is unknown.


No. 1 877EKM type class submarine arrived in February 1995 to deliver the South China Sea Fleet in Zhanjiang, the second ship arrived in Zhanjiang, in November the same year. After two to 636, the first a 636 submarine delivery in late 1997, the second vessel 636 Kilo-class diesel - powered submarines on June 17, 1998 in St. Petersburg launched, in October delivered to the Chinese. .


877-submarine device speed is much higher than that of the surrounding noise, boat auxiliary to the primary, and piping systems and structures, such as comprehensive and effective noise and vibration, hull anechoic tiles laying out, making the submarine radiation noise is very low, this is the type of boat, most major characteristic is the biggest advantage.


Type 636 Type 877 submarine is carried out based on the further improvement of increased speed of its lower power devices, adopted Aescin highly skewed propeller, increasing the charging power to improve the charge capacity, improved noise reduction measures to further reduce noise . As foreign naval intelligence called "improved 'Kilo' class submarines are the quietest submarines in the world one.". .


Performance equipment.


Displacement: about 2,350 tons, 3,000 tons of water displacement. .


Master dimensions: length 73.9 m, width 2. .9 meters, from the baseline to the top cover surrounding shell Tower at a height of .7 m 14. draught (normal discharge) boats in 6., bow .3 m 6. .6 meters.


Maximum diving depth: 300 meters. .


Working depth: 240 meters.


Periscope depth: 17. .5. .


Host: 2 diesel motor group, a propulsion motor and motor via route 1. Equipped with two sets of batteries, each level of the 120-block, tanks and separate I, III 2940 kW power (about 4000 HP), 7 leaf low noise propulsion propeller-shaft.


Speed: surface speed 11, underwater speed of 18 knots, maximum speed up to 20. .


Produced: 52.


Holding force: 45 days. .


Life: water festival of 6000 km/7; underwater 400 km/3 section.


Weapons: The first boat is equipped with six torpedo tubes, can also carry 12 spare torpedoes, generally TEST-71 wire-guided torpedoes, and then loading time of 2 minutes. 3M95 anti-ship missiles can also be equipped with a range of 60 kilometers. The other can carry 24 mines. .


Electronic devices: heading indicator, speed and distance measuring equipment, boat-automatically redrawn meter, echo sounder, radio navigation and radio direction finding equipment etc..


Radar: MPK-503 radar, MPM-253M-based search and early warning radar, the state can work in water and the periscope. .


Sonar: M G K-400 active/passive search and attack with mid-frequency sonar (you can also keep track of the four objectives. Detection range 20-40 km)-hunting Thunder na MT-519.


Noise reduction and concealment: the laying of a special hull developed anechoic tiles. Noise: 128/118 dB (Type 877 / 636). .


671 RTM Victor III class "Victor"-ⅲ attack submarine.














(A) development background and plans. .


1. type of produce.


In 1959, the U.S. ballistic missile submarine vessel "George.. Washington" (GeorgeWashington) No. (SSBN-598) entered service, forcing the former Soviet Union to reconsider the maritime strategy. Previously ignored the anti-submarine warfare, re-attach to its important position. At the beginning of the development of anti-submarine surface ships have also begun to undertake the construction of the main anti-submarine mission, "Victor" (Victor)-class attack submarine. .


To be added to the boat is in the first generation of "November" (November)-class attack submarine developed on the basis of. The first equipment on board the main/passive frequency detection sonar, which tracks the Western ballistic missile submarine. Later assume its ballistic missile submarine escort mission of providing support. Equipped with improved detection equipment, the large-diameter torpedo tubes, etc., carry out advanced anti-submarine missile, the development of the V-I, V-V-Ⅱ and Ⅲ three ships, a Russian attack submarine battleship.


2. Development program. .


Program overview.


Of the class's development objective is to improve detection capabilities, and enhance the ability to attack with anti-submarine as the main mission. .


To be added to the boats began to develop from 1959 to 1992 the development of three ships: V-I ships built 16, V-ⅱ boats built 7, V-Ⅲ boat construction, a total of 26 49 boat construction. Currently, V-I-boats, V-II type of boat is fully retired, V-Ⅲ boat has been decommissioned, 19 7 vessels in service.


(2) development timetable. .


Approved V-I ships tactical and technical mission books: November 1959.


VI-type boat to complete the design: March 1960. .


The first boat V-I-boat construction started: January 1965.


Approval of V-Ⅱ type boat design: June 1967. .


The first boat V-I ships built in: 1968.


V-Ⅱ type boats started the first boat built: 1970. .


V-I ships all built: 1974.


Approval of V-Ⅲ type boat design: June 1975. .


The first V-Ⅲ boats: boat construction started in 1976.


V-Ⅱ type boats all built: 1978. .


V-I ships first boat retired: 1991.


V-Ⅲ type boat full completion: October 1992. .


V-ⅱ boats start decommissioning: 1993.


V-Ⅲ type boats retired the first eight: 1996. .


V-ⅲ boats of the second and third batch 11 ship decommissioning: 1997-1999.


(3) research and development unit. .


Added by Russian Malachite Design Bureau designed by the St. Petersburg City. Admiralty shipyard (AdmiraltyShipyard) construction; Komsomolsk shipyard (KomsomolskShipyard) to participate in the construction of V-type boats.


3. Mission tasks. .


To be added to the boat is Russia's second generation attack submarine, is a multipurpose nuclear-powered submarine, the first task is to deal with the enemy submarines, nuclear and ballistic missile submarine attack, attack enemy surface ships, reconnaissance, Bray, escort to their ballistic missile nuclear submarines, and the use of remote cruise missile attack on the enemy land a variety of objectives.


4. Service status. .


To be added in the 1965 ~ 1992 has 49 vessels.


Currently, the class of vessels are built from 1976 to 1992, V-Ⅲ type boat 26 in 7 in service, and the rest retired. Boats are in service, code-named K138, K255, K388, K502, K507, K524 and K527 boat. .


(Ii) the overall performance and equipment.


1. General layout and structure. .


To be added to the boat into V-I, V-V-Ⅱ and ⅲ boat. Now in the bondage of V-type boats, a general description of the General layout and structure. To be added to the boat has used the pattern of axisymmetric drops of water, the double-hull structure. Aspect ratio is 10, and the first generation nuclear-powered submarine compared to the more favourable for rapid. Podium and superstructure is very low, the smoothness, highlight the part of the very small, conforms to fluid smoothness of surface, flows through boats and maintain laminar boundary layer with control of auxiliary thruster. Maintain laminar flow reduces resistance, noise reduction. Main ballast water tank are tonghai valve. Stability using cross tail wing, tail rudder and elevator in the small rudder with large, small rudder for high speed use. .


In V-ⅲ boat tail vertical stabilizer was installed on a spindle shape of the dome, a collection of towed array sonar and retracting the Russian "Victor"-ⅲ attack submarine. Podium Wai shell and part of the non-pressure resistance has aluminum shell.


The two types of after-class boats gradually increase the length of the boat, and sail in command of Taiwan have increased between the first section of the shell, for the layout of new weapons and fire control system. .


Boat interior is divided into eight cabins: torpedo cabin, cabin, command module, the reactor tank, the auxiliary tank, the host before the aircraft after engine room, and the tail tank.


2. Power unit. .


To be added to the boat used 2 VM4-compact layout-PWR unit, thermal power 150MW; 2 steam turbine gear units, shaft power for 22. .79MW (31000hp), single axis. The stages were the Soviet submarine for the first time, a single forward axes. V-ⅲ boats used by propeller consists of two coaxial tandem reverse 7 propeller speed, surface, and underwater speed 31kn 20kn. Boats also set two small auxiliary propeller for mobile use.


3. Weapons systems. .


To be added to the boat is equipped with a 4 and 2 more 533mm 650mm torpedo tubes, 53-45kn, voyage, speed, hidden deep 300m 20km; 65-60kn torpedo, speed, distance, submersible 1000m deep 40km; SS-N-15 anti-submarine missile range 50km, warhead for 200kt equivalent nuclear depth charge, or 40-active and passive acoustic homing torpedoes; $ S-N-16 anti-submarine missile range 120km, warhead for 200kt nuclear warheads or 40-active and passive acoustic homing torpedoes.


The class boat carrying SS-N-21 long-range cruise missile, warhead equivalent to 200kt nuclear warheads, but also dress up 500kg conventional high explosive warheads with a range of 3000km, cruising altitude of 25 ~ 200m, with terrain contour matching and used to navigation guidance system, can attack strategic targets on land. .


To be added to the boat is not equipped with torpedo, self-propelled sea mines, anti-submarine torpedoes, anti-submarine rocket, rocket floating mine mines and other mines 36. To be added to the boat's weapons load of 24 pieces.


5. Electronic devices. .


To be added to the boat is equipped with integrated sonar system, including the first "on the gill shark"-low-frequency sonar, hull to passive search alert; "mouse song" active high-frequency attacks with hull sonar; "shark fin" passive low-frequency sonar side; "scattering"-3-passive VLF towed array sonar, detection range 100km above. Boats are equipped with the velocity gradient on the instrument, noise monitoring and measuring ice sonar, depth sounder, etc..


The class boat equipped with an integrated navigation system, including inertial navigation, ESG, satellite navigation and radio locator other items of equipment. .


Radar and electronic warfare equipment including the "look up" I-band search radar, the "brick group" surveillance radar, "field of light" system, the "great mission of brick" and "brick" electronic warfare equipment, as well as "Kerim"-2-rooster.


The class boat equipped with a conventional medium wave, shortwave and ultrashort wave communication devices, equipped with a very low frequency towed buoy antenna to receive local over 20 long-wave transmitter signal. The boat is also equipped with extremely low frequency towed buoyant antenna can receive signals underwater 90m, but only in low-speed navigation. Boat equipped with "activities spring" type of satellite communications equipment to ensure that the submarine and surface ships and aircraft communications. .


To be added to the boat is equipped with the "bus" combat intelligence command system through computer unified various sensors collect and process information for several groups of target motion elements, displays the battlefield situation, proposed recommendation, the control arms campaign launch, etc..


(C) technical characteristics and Commentary. .


1. technical characteristics.


Of the class began to develop in 1959, has built 49, has been 40 years in service. This is the Russian construction of the longest, largest number of a nuclear submarine. Play a role in it and the United States, "Los Angeles" class nuclear attack submarines the same. Has the following technical features:. .


(1) weapons ready, lasts.


The class of 53 boats and equipment type, 65 type of advanced torpedoes, SS-N-15/16 anti-submarine missiles and SS-N-21 long-range cruise missile, with a total load of 24, perform anti-submarine ship and land attack and other missions . .


(2) the introduction of power reactors and the best boat type, high speed.


Of the class by the improved VM4-type pressurized water reactors, one reactor power, over the first generation of significantly improved performance, using the best aspect ratio has a near drop-type hull, less water hole, and to maintain laminar boundary layer control, and thus speed up the underwater 33kn, than the same period in the United States, "Los Angeles" class submarine speed is higher, thus maneuvering ability. .


(3) adopt a variety of methods to reduce noise, and low noise.


Of the class using a variety of advanced noise reduction measures, floating raft vibration, for the first time a single propeller shaft and propeller 7 leaf, the hull surface, tile installed muffler, dive depth of 400m, thus gradually reducing the radiated noise, quiet good. .


(4) detection capability.


The class boat equipped with an integrated sonar system, for the first time equipped with the very low frequency passive towed array sonar, detection range up to 100nmile more stable in the vertical tail wing of the boat to install a fake hammer-like retractable devices, there was the Western sensation, is compelling. .


(5) a high degree of automation.


More of the class system and equipment using remote control and automation technology, power plant control systems, torpedo loading, steering are all automatic, and thus reduce the labor intensity of the crew, crew fewer. .


(6) taking note of the improvement of the living, sustainability and long.


Of the class with a small subdivision, the crew, live, health care is a special compartment, the continuous improvement of living of the boat's holding force up to 80 days, so the flight rate. .


2. technical improvements.


Of the class after serving a number of technical improvements and modernization refit, Ⅲ type boat size gradually increased, the main improvement is to take a variety of noise reduction measures to improve propulsion, improved weapon performance, converted a large number of advanced electronic equipment to boat gradually increase the performance. .


3. development prospects.


Of the class is no longer built. According to the experience of the class developed the "Shark" (Akula) class attack submarine. .


2.


&8250; &8250;. .


705 class nuclear attack submarines Alfa.





In the Guinness Book of records, record the former Soviet Union, A class submarine is the world's fastest submarine. But rather, it is into. .


Batch build attack submarine in the tonnage of the smallest and fastest speed, navigation, deepest and most advanced submarine.


A class submarine P-class submarines than the former Soviet Union, the speed slower than the M-class diving deep slightly shallow. A class submarine appeared in the early 70s, caused widespread concern around the world, it goes beyond that era, in the former Soviet submarine construction in the history of epoch-making significance. .


A-class nuclear submarine design number is not listed in the order in which 600 group but to jump to a group, its 700.


No. 705. Design boat named "Lyra," NATO called Alfa-class, referred to as A-level. The boat's surface displacement 2,700 tons, underwater displacement of 3,600 tons, length 81. .5 Meters wide boats 9. .5 Meters and a depth 7. .5 M, maximum depth of 700 ~ 750 meters, holding force 70 days and nights, staffing 40, the surface speed of 20 knots, maximum speed of 40 knots underwater. Boat for the double-shell structure, is divided into six compartments.1 cabin for torpedo compartment, the layout of the bow with 6 533 mm pneumatic hydraulic torpedo launcher can launch Unified diameter of torpedoes, mines and anti. The boat can carry 20 missiles, torpedoes and mines or 24. 2 tanks-electric tank, 1 set of diesel generators and auxiliary equipment. 3 cabin for the central command and control cabin, all electronic monitoring device. 4 into the reactor tank, block 1 155 MW of heat of liquid metal (lead-bismuth alloy) reactor.


5, the main cabin space, arranged a main station OK-7 steam turbine reduction gear unit type (power 40,000 hp) and 2 sets of power each. .


1500 kW turbine-generator. Stern cabin for steering gear and auxiliary engine. Stern has single and 2 sets of power of 100 kW of auxiliary propulsion units.


Boats equipped with radar, navigation radar, integrated navigation systems, communication systems, noise and water oriented station. .


Sound system and combat information control system.


A class submarine from the June 20, 1968 start of construction, to September 1981 Change 7. 1 batch of four in Lenin. .


The Admiralty shipyard, grad, no. 377 K — respectively, K-K-316, 373, K-463. After 3 to that level.


The improved its product design code for the 705K, 402 plants in Severodvinsk construction. .


The boat has adopted a large number of new technologies, the following aspects:.


1. . For the first time in the former Soviet Union adopted a new type of submarine combat intelligence chain of command. The system will set the whole boat's electronics. .


Preparation of control in one device, navigation, navigation radar, search radar, communications systems, acoustic systems and weapon control systems are concentrated in the central control position. In addition the boat has been installed on all boats Automation control system, including the steering system. The system can be obtained from the central command-close all cabin door. So the boat is highly automated. This was the former Soviet Union electronic devices are not very advanced, and in 1960 Soviet control science, Informatics and computer technology began to start, to reach this level is very difficult, it can be said is a product of the 21st century. Because of technical complexity, the crew, all the officers, the same boat as the aircraft maintenance personnel from the ground. Therefore, the former Soviet Navy, it's hard to master and use the boat. .


2. adopts the high heat of liquid metal reactors. In the former USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of technical physics.


Operation under the leadership of the two reactors at the same time device was developed. The first type is бМ-40 / А-type, which is half of a whole component. .


Body of the heap, with 2, 2 steam pipe and the main pumps, 705K-improved. The second type is O K-550-it.


Component is half of the overall integration of the heap, with three steam lines and three sets of main pump of a loop distribution system. .


In addition, Kaluga city of steam turbine factory developed compact one-piece high automation O K-7-type steam turbine.


Reduction gear unit, which solves the noise damping power plant problems, greatly reducing the boat's noise level. .


3. all vessels used 400 Hz, 380 volt power supply system, which greatly reduces the electrical equipment.


Size & Weight. This is the first time the former Soviet nuclear submarine attempts. .


4. torpedo Launcher Design Bureau (later attributed to Malachite Design Bureau) developed aerodynamic fitted hydraulic torpedo.


Home, is also the first for the former Soviet nuclear submarine. The device can limit the depth to periscope depth, the next launch of 533 mm fish. .


Ray and the same caliber weapons.


5. . The first time in the submarine set a floating rescue capsule. It all in case of emergency to ensure the crew's escape. .


Hygiene. The cabin layout in less central control.


6. . The drop-shaped boat with a linear, three-dimensional streamlined car-like shell around the command room. All lifting equipment. .


Reset can be put away, all openings and flowing water holes are closed. Bow foldaway elevator use, so the boat's mobility and manoeuvrability is good, airworthiness and speed is also very good. Because in the 50-60 years on boat speed requirements are higher, this is naturally very greatly affected the designer's way of thinking and design direction.


The structure of the boat is more novel. 3, bow stern cabin next door to the next sphere, 2 cabin next door to the ladder-shaped bow. .


Next, the rest is next door to the plane. All boats are divided into three areas, namely, to escape from the bow, moulded and stern area.


The development of the submarine has gone through a very difficult course. From December 11, 1961 approved by boat tactics and technology. .


For task book-signing in December 1971, the first boat for acceptance, spent 10 years. 705-the first boat to boat back.


That is put on trial, but in 1972 the boat accident occurred, removed from the Navy in the sequence. In 1973, former Soviet Central Committee 乌斯基诺夫 visit Severodvinsk City 402 factory, the boat from bow to stern away again, and has been said that the boat is too crowded, not good for maintenance. Shipbuilding Industry Minister Bu Tuomu very angry that this type of boat should smash smash. .


But the Navy commander Gorshkov believes that currently the power unit is reliable, many insurance safety measures.


It will be able to run well. As for the congestion problem, only an increase in each compartment 1 to 2 ribs spacing is completely feasible. .


But the superior's answer is still a negative attitude. Results 1974 rusanov Chief Designer was fired by his conversation with the first Deputy over before completion of the conversion.


Although the submarine successfully completed in all regions of the duty combat missions, but due to technical complexity and maintenance. .


And security problems, the Navy will active zone of reactor and mechanical equipment life yet of the ships in 1990.


All retired mid-term decision. .


Tonnage: 2 ' 3 ' 900/800.


Speed (knots): 45 (underwater). .


Specifications (m): 81, 4 x 5 x 9, 7, 0.


Engine: liquid metal nuclear reactor, steam turbine, driven impeller coaxial 5, 45'000 hp. .


Size: 45.


Weapons and equipment. .


Missiles: 21/81R (SS-N-15) or Vodopad (SS-N-16).


(R: 60/70 n.. M). .


Artillery: none.


Torpedo: 6 / 533 mm VA-111 (w: c / nucl),? / 650 mm (d: 400 m; s: 200 kts) a total of 12. .


945 Sierra class "Serra" (sierra) level (also known as s-class) multi-purpose attack submarine.





Sierra "and multi-purpose attack submarines are the fourth generation of the former Soviet Union attack submarine. The first boat built in 1984, serving the last one was delivered no later than 1993 troops. Of the class a total of 2, are located in the former Soviet Union, Gorky City 112 of the Design Bureau (now the "lapis lazuli" Central Design Bureau) design, "Red sormovo" shipyard constructed of..


To be added to the boat while it is a multi-purpose attack submarines, but its main task is to destroy the enemy ballistic missile submarine. Of course the "Serra" is also capable of destroying the enemy surface ships, attacks and other land-based strategic goals..


Performance situation. .


Serra "water displacement 7200 tons, underwater displacement 8200 tons. Captain 111 m, width 14. .2 m, average draught 8. .8 m. Water maximum speed of 18 knots maximum speed under section 32. Maximum sustainability 100 days, the staffing of 95 people.


Sierra "class elongated shape with a good drop linear, boat bow Yuandun, smooth transition to the shrill stern. This advanced hull forms with very beneficial to the submarine underwater. Long high command sets sail with a bow at the end of the captain arranged for 1 / 3, the top fitted with a variety of lifting equipment such as surveillance radar, search periscope so. stern control surfaces with cross-shaped, vertical tail fin back cover above the top line, the internal installation a retractable towing sonar equipment. after sharp tail control surfaces, uniaxial, and a new highly skewed propeller..


To be added to the boat to continue to use the former Soviet Union the unique two-shell structure, this kind of shell in addition to being able to let the "Serra"-so the weapons and electronic equipment, the most important is to make it very effectively reduced weapons hit when the damage is substantially improves anti-sinking boat. Because the boat hull is made of titanium alloy material, so the "Serra" normal working depth up to 800 m, is the world's active-duty military submarines dive depth is one of the largest of the submarine. Such a depth that the vast majority of today's active antisubmarine closed. Another double-shell can produce titanium alloy to ensure the "Sierra" class battle in the ice can easily penetrate several meters of ice, but their injuries are not nothing. .


Serra "-the whole boat seven pressure bulkhead for the former weapons possession after respectively, command module, the former slave cabin, reactor tank, the auxiliary engine, after the main motor and the tail tank, the cabins are in accordance with the guarantees of non-standard design. In a flooded, does not affect operations; that is one third of the cabin was breaking the water, the boat can still floating a few hours, so that the sailors calm escape or wait for rescue.


Attack. .


Because of the "Serra"-is-multipurpose nuclear attack, you need to complete to attack ships, submarines, mines, and many other tasks, so its not only the types of weapons, equipment and load. To be added to the boat and equipment types of weapons are: ss-n-21 long-range cruise missiles, ss-n-16 anti-submarine missile, ss-n-15 anti-submarine missile, 53-65-torpedoes and mines, etc..


ss-n-21 long-range cruise missiles used against land targets conventional attack or nuclear attack, if necessary, also on large-scale attacks on maritime targets. Missile length 8. .1 M, maximum diameter of 500 mm, a maximum range of 3,000 km, cruising speed of 0. .7-0. .8 Mach, cruising altitude of 25 meters, with an accuracy of about 45 meters, charge 500 kg conventional warhead, nuclear charge equivalent of 200,000 tons tnt. Guidance system for the inertial guidance + terrain matching. Powered by solid rocket boosters + turbo-fan engines.Overall performance and the famous "Tomahawk" cruise missiles are equally matched.


ss-n-16 anti-submarine missiles and anti-submarine mission, the former Soviet Union from the ss-n-15 anti-submarine missile developed from the basis of a long-range anti-submarine missiles. Missile length 6. .5 M, diameter 650 mm, range 120 km, flight speed 2. .8-3. .0 Mach. Warhead is a 40 Principal / passive homing torpedo, the warhead weight 60 kilograms, or you can dress up the nuclear model 16b, the maximum range of 17 km, speed 46. .


65-the successful development of the 1980s, is a type that can attack ships and submarines, torpedoes and multi-purpose. Guidance for advanced wake-homing + active/passive acoustic guide, that was the greatest distance of 1500 meters. Its total length of 11 meters, diameter of 650 mm, a range of 100 km/h, speed 50 sections, 950 m, the depth of the battle of warhead general charge 900 kg or a small nuclear power equipment BSW, as steam turbine engines. 65-apart from the work in the General area, you can adapt the sea feeling bad waters, Repulse Bay and North and South poles of the ice. This advanced torpedo, Western has not yet succeeded in . .


53-.9 meters in length 7.533 mm in diameter, the maximum range of 20 km, warhead general charge 200 kg, speed adoption of two-speed system (section 25 or 40 section) with a maximum depth of 400 metres from the Terminal. The torpedo guidance for wire-guided + active/passive homing, homing maximum distance 1200 m.


mshm targeted attack mine, mine has become the continental shelf belong to the rocket attacks floating directional cable anchor Ray Short, the former Soviet Union in the 80's new mine equipment. It is mainly used to attack the continental shelf depth range nuclear submarines and surface vessels. mshm mine attacks directed mainly by the cylinder, target detection and control equipment, controllable tail of the rocket warhead, anchor Ray etc..Its once the cloth in place, mines will be at the top of the Tresor vertically upward, when target detection equipment to detect ships, the mine started its active acoustic fuses, and calculate the rocket warheads for ballistic and corresponding warhead tail of rudder angle, then shell-open lid, ignition, fighting not emerges, in accordance with the intended trajectory flying toward the target. Mshm directed attack mine 4 m long, diameter 533 mm, total weight 820 kg, 60-300 m deep. In addition the "Serra"-is also equipped with advanced pkm-1, kpm-directed attack mine floatation, sea smdm self-propelled mine, etc. The West has no such weapons. .


Serra "ⅰ the biggest weapon loading boats to 30 pieces, in addition to transmitting tube normal load, the cabin can usually be installed 12 65-and 20-53. If you must mount the missile, a corresponding reduction in the number of torpedo. The implementation of the mine, a maximum of one time can carry 60 pieces of various types of mines.


Sierra "ⅱ boat load of weapons to 40, in addition to the boat launch ⅰ all weapons type, the needle is said to also launch" anti-aircraft missiles. .


Serra "level boat bow is equipped with 8 with 650 mm multi-purpose hydraulic balance Launcher, boats equipped with numerous weapons from 8 a multi-purpose launch tube launch or cloth. With regard to emission and cloth 533 mm weapons, simply launch the original 650 mm tube with a specially crafted torpedo bushing. It is worth mentioning that the line boat equipped with a fast-loading equipment, tube arms after launching once again filled as soon as possible, so the "Serra" class weapon once again to launch the efficiency is very high.


By comparison, today's Western attack submarines, to the "Sierra" class so powerful attack force, and now I am afraid that only the United States, "Sea Wolf" level and "Los Angeles" class of the. .


Invisibility.


In the modern battlefield, was found means been eliminated. And good for hiding the submarine is critically important. Thus, "lapis lazuli" in the design of the Central Design Bureau "Sierra" class on the quietness when given special attention, it can be said of the class on the concentration of the former Soviet Union for many years in the noise reduction achieved by the latest research results . The main performance in the following areas:. .


First, the "Serra"-class hull material with advanced titanium alloy made of metal with high strength, low magnetic characteristics, which makes the enemy is very difficult to detect and track. The shape of the boat on the elongated drop-shaped line in order to reduce noise. Outboard surface design is very smooth, very little outburst of exposure. Boat and sail around the hull openings amount to a minimum, larger openings are designed to automatically open and close the cover of the activity, and thus, when the cover is closed, from the appearance of the boats is simply will not see openings, reducing the flow of water. And the boat sets sail and hull the command interface of Office use a curved smooth transition, which is to reduce sail and hull resistance between the fluid and reduce the interference and noise. The level of the boat rudder, rudder, stern rudder and other standard equipment is designed to streamline fairing, where the level of rudder is retractable when not recoverable within the hull. .


Second, of the outer surface of all accommodate a thick layer of anechoic tiles (see Figure 1), this kind of anechoic tiles about 80-150 cm, the aspect ratio of 90-85, synthetic rubber, its structure is divided into two layers, the outer lining of the solid-solid state, set the size and shape of the hole. This kind of anechoic tiles is able to absorb the enemy sonar detection, isolation and can also reduce the noise of boats, boats on the surface of a good silent echo layer, thereby greatly enhancing the "Serra"-quiet nature.


Third, in order to reduce the submarines of the internal noise, designers and bulkheads within the first shell lay on the large number of sound absorption materials. In order to eliminate mechanical happened boat noise, designers reduce noise as far as equipment and equipment to the installation of noise and strong noise enclosures, silencers and sound room set up. Work to prevent the vibration device to the submarine transmission, machinery and equipment are installed in a single raft, the raft through the isolator support in the hull, so that the mechanical vibration to minimize the impact of the submarine.For structural vibration, raft, equipment for shock absorber base and the deck, engine compartment bulkhead laid by a substantial number of damping material. Boat system piping as much as they can adopt a flexible connection pipe touches with the boat, on which the role of fluids in a strong pipeline uses a lower velocity, local pipeline adopts the damper hoses and muffler to reduce fluid shock vibration and isolation vibration transfer to the boat.


Fourth, the former submarine propeller blades weeks due to uneven loading, rotation will produce high-intensity noise. To do this, "lapis lazuli" Central Design Bureau, specially for the "Sierra" class installed new highly skewed propeller, this paddle effectively reduce noise. Other submarines have also been taken to reduce infrared radiation, to eliminate magnetic characteristics of nuclear radiation and so reduce the number of measures. .


With the multitude of noise reduction measures, "Serra"-has finally become a real quiet type of submarines. The type of noise about 120 DB, and the United States, "Los Angeles"-class nuclear-powered attack submarine has 118 noise decibels. While improved "Serra" class ⅱ boats I-to-noise ratio lower.


Power devices, automation systems and electronic equipment. .


Power plant, "Serra" class is equipped with two pressurized water reactors, single reactor power of 200 MW, and loop 2 turbo engine, with output power up to 95000 shaft horsepower. Boats also equipped with 2 sets of diesel generator set and 2 batteries. Diesel generator ensures that submarine accident emergency and auxiliary power, while also promoting the submarine emergency navigation. Unit power reactor cooling system, and, where necessary, to the battery. Because of the power system is so powerful, so the "Serra"-Although the discharge, but still has a great flexibility and high speed.


And attack submarines built in the West compared to the same period, "Sierra" class degree of automation can be said to be "worse than", which from both sides, with the number of boats on the circle can be clearly seen (such as "Sierra" level has a crew of 95, while the U.S. "Los Angeles" class submarine on as many as 133 people). The reason this happens is because the designers in the "Sierra" class to install a large number of automation equipment, such as the class boat Zhi Huicang with automated battle command system, the crew through a computer to manage the whole boat .This type of battle command system with the collection and processing of sensor information, display the battlefield situation, control arms, determine the shooting position, automatic calculation of multiple batches target motion elements, distance prediction and many other features. In addition is equipped with automated battle command system, the submarine manoeuvring control, dynamic systems, boat services systems are fully automated.


Electronic equipment, "Sierra" class not only quantity of electronic equipment, full range, but rather with the West in terms of performance.Main: "on the Gill sharks" active/passive search and attack-low-frequency sonar, hull "rat-calls" low/if-active/passive sonar search tracking, towed array sonar, sound VLF Gradiometer, noise monitoring, logging, ice, Mt; underwater acoustic equipment with the "spot" search radar, "stop lamp" surveillance radar; MW, SW, FM and extremely low-frequency communication devices, VLF towed buoys antenna and satellite communication devices "Omega" and "Lorraine" c, radio-locator, inertial navigation systems and satellite navigation systems, etc..


It is with the large number of modern electronic equipment and combat control system, which makes the "Sierra" class can comfortably at any time, any sea fight with any rival. .


Why is halted.


Although the "Sierra" is a type-level performance very good multipurpose attack submarines, but unfortunately it "untimely", only the construction of six, when in 1983 the first six and last one, "Sierra" class ⅱ type boats into service, the Russian Navy had never ordered follow-up to the boat. While the reasons for which are many, but probably the most important reasons are the following:. .


The first is the "Serra"-titanium alloy double shell. While ensuring it has a great depth, low-cost magnet strengths, but very expensive. Want to know the titanium alloy is a very precious metal, and even the United States has only titanium alloy used in the construction of a spacecraft. During the cold war, this high-priced high-performance on the former Soviet Navy nuclear submarine is barely acceptable; but today, in the Russian Navy's financial constraints, the nature are unaffordable.


Second, intense competition from within. In the design and construction, "Sierra" class at the same time, the former Soviet Union has also arranged two other submarine design bureau design attack submarines, that the famous "Ruby" Design Bureau and "malachite" Design Bureau. Final "Ruby" Design Bureau designed the "Mike," and "malachite" Design Bureau designed the "Akula" class. Results in 1983 launched the "Mike" class to run in less than six years on the accident and sank.In contrast, the "diamond" and "akula-class in addition to the largest dive depth than the" Serra "(" akula "is 600 m), the other is in no way inferior to the" Serra "or even" akula-class ⅱ boats in some sizable slightly exceeded. But in terms of price, "akula-class about below the" Serra "-1/3 of the above, this is mainly because the" akula-class while also adopting double-shell, the shell for high strength steel, inner shell is the titanium alloy. This is why the "Sierra" class only built six, and the "Akula" class of the two types of boats built up to 16, today continues to improve and continue to build one of the reasons. .


The last is the Russian strategic environmental change, Russia does not consider it necessary to retain a team like the former Soviet Union era large-scale attack submarine forces. Coupled with active nuclear submarines in Russia is not only the number, and model is quite complex, get rid of the "Serra" level 6 boat "akula-class ⅰ, ⅱ boats 16 ships" Oscar "-class ⅰ, ⅱ boat 12, v-ⅲ is 16. A wide range of sizes to maintain great inconvenience.


Comprehensive variety of factors, "Sierra" class because too "aristocratic" 而使 continuous construction program is stopped, and may never develop the construction of the opportunity. .


971 Akula class "shark"/II (Akula)-class attack submarine.

















(A) development background and plans. .


1. type of produce.


In 1971, the United States formally approved the "Trident" (Trident) nuclear submarine development. This long-range ballistic missile submarines of the former Soviet Union posed a huge threat. To deal with this giant nuclear submarine, the former Soviet Union in the "Victor" - Ⅲ (Victor-Ⅲ)-class attack submarine, based on the development from the early 70's "Shark" (Akula) class attack submarine. .


The former Soviet Union ratified in 1972 at the boat's tactical and technical mission, undertake research, and undertake research work during the same period of the "Serra" (Sierra), "Mike" (Mike)-class attack submarine. This three-class nuclear submarines in the early 1980s and at the same time, shows the former Soviet Union "submarine Navy strength".


2. Development program. .


Program overview.


"Shark" class nuclear submarine development objective is to improve the striking power, reduce noise, increase vitality and overall combat capability of ocean. The development process is divided into two steps, namely, type I and type Ⅱ boats boats. .


I-boat has 11 ships, but in Komsomolsk shipyard built 10 boat on board the platform has been removed, it is only 10 boat service.


I-90 to begin the improved design of the boat, mainly to improve the boat's linear, hull lengthened 7m, pressure hull has been lengthened to improve the boat's acoustic performance, reduce noise and improve detection capacity. Type Ⅱ boat boats now have the first service, still under construction follow-up to the boat. .


(2) development schedule.


Start discussions "Shark" class nuclear submarines: 1970. .


Approval to be added to the boat's tactical and technical task book: 1972.


Navy and the shipbuilding technology design agreement signed by the Ministry of Industry: July 1976. .


I-boat construction started the first manufacting: 1981.


I-boat's first boat into the water system: in July 1984. .


I ships first manufacting service: September 1986.


I-boat 10 boats removed: 1993. .


ⅱ boat first manufacting (Chapter 11 boat) service: 1995.


Ⅱ type boats started the first three boats built: 1999. .


(3) development unit.


Of the class by the Central Design Bureau of celestite design, by the Komsomolsk shipyard (KomsomolskShipyard) completed six, has stopped construction; from the Severodvinsk shipyard (SeverodvinskShipyard) into five, under construction 2. .


(4) research and development funding.


Western estimates of 1996 cost 2 billion U.S. dollars a single boat. .


3. a mission of the task.


Of the class for the latest developments in Russia, a practical multi-attack nuclear submarines, the first task is to anti-submarine, but also able to take anti-ship, escort, reconnaissance, intelligence gathering, mine-laying, and launching long-range cruise missiles and destroy targets on land attack the task, also has air defense capability. .


4. service status.


Of the class I-boat in 1986. .9 ~ 1995. .7 Has served eight, Ⅱ-type craft have served two, one under construction. .


(Ii) the overall performance and equipment.


1. Basic performance. .


Discharge, water/water (t): 7500/9500.


Principal dimensions, length × width × draft (m): 110 × 14 × 10. .4. .


Shaft power (hp): MW 36. .75 (50000).


Speed, water / water (kn): 20/36. .


Life (nmile): 300000.


Dive depth (m): 600. .


Crew preparation (name): 85 (Officer 31).


Power Plant: 1 Taiwan VM5 type pressurized water reactors, 2 GT3A type steam turbines, 2 emergency propulsion motor, single axle, 7 leaf propeller. .


Torpedo tubes: 4 4 with 533mm, 6 appliances, with 650mm 533mm external launch tube.


Missiles: SS-N-21 long-range cruise missiles, SA-N-5 / 8 anti-aircraft missiles, SS-N-15 and SS-N-16 anti-submarine missiles. .


Torpedo: 53-65-torpedo.


Mine: 50 self-propelled sink to the bottom mines, anti-submarine torpedoes. .


Weapons load: 46 PCs.


Sonar: "shark gill" Principal / passive search and attack in the low-frequency sonar used boats shell; "rat-ming"-type attacks using high-frequency active sonar submarine shell; "scattering" -3 type passive very low frequency towed array sonar. .


Navigation: inertial navigation, ESG, satellite navigation, radio-locator, and other components of the integrated navigation system.


Radar: "spy on" Public-band radar, "Field of Light" finder. .


Communications: MW, SW, FM communication equipment, VLF towed buoys antenna, antenna Elf towing buoyancy.


Electronic counter-measures: "stop light" type surveillance radar, "round edge cap" and "Brick Group" type electronic countermeasures equipment, "Kerim" -2 type IFF. .


Command and control: "the bus" combat intelligence command system.


2. General layout and structure. .


To be added to the boat used for drop line, double-shell structure. Aspect ratio is 7. .86, close to the best value, the resistance is relatively small. Sail around the shell for a long time, longitudinal profile for curved wing shape (see Figure 2. .2-12), cross-section with curvature of bread, the low surrounding shell and smooth. The tail is cross-shaped control surfaces. Vertical fin has a streamlined Dome, used for collection of towed array sonar. Boat in vitro surface dressing to 80mm thick anechoic tiles, less water holes, large openings can be closed automatically. In command shell also circling equipped boats floating in the escape.


2. .2-12 Russia's "Shark" class attack submarine. .


-Inboard layout is divided into seven cabins, torpedoes, living spaces, command, and the reactor auxiliary Bay, host, and the tail tank.


3. Power unit. .


To be added to the boat the VM5-PWR unit, compact layout, the heap 200MW heat power, can provide the shaft power 36.75MW (50000hp), the high speed of up to 36kn.


2 sets of used boats GT3A type steam turbine reduction gear unit, using floating raft vibration, 2 emergency propulsion motor, single axle, with a 7-leaf highly skewed propeller. .


4. weapons system.


Of the class with eight pneumatic balanced torpedo launchers, one 4 to 533mm, 4 instruments as the 650mm. Carry 53 torpedoes, speed 45kn, range 20km, the potential depth 300m; 65 torpedo, the speed of 60kn, range of 40km, the potential depth 1000m; SS-N-15 anti-submarine missiles with a range of 50km, the equivalent 200kt nuclear warhead for the depth charges; SS -N-16 anti-submarine missiles with a range of 120km, 40-type warhead and passive acoustic homing torpedo.The stages are portable 18 Mei SA-N-5/8 antiaircraft missile capable of countering the threat posed by anti-submarine aircraft.


The class boat can carry SS-N-21 long-range cruise missile, warhead equivalent to 200kt nuclear warheads, but also dress up 500kg conventional high explosive warheads with a range of 3000km, cruising height of 25 ~ 200m, with terrain contour matching and used to navigation guidance system, can attack strategic targets on land. .


To be added to the boat can carry self-propelled sea mines, anti-submarine torpedoes, anti-submarine rocket, rocket floating mine. 30 mines.


In addition, the level of type Ⅱ boat boat there in the first six external torpedo tubes. Weapons load capacity of the boats 46. .


5. electronic equipment.


The boat's sonar equipment level first "shark gill" Low-frequency sonar submarine shell to passively search alert. "Rat-ming," High Frequency Active sonar search and track, submarine detection range of 20km, on the surface vessel detection range of 60km; "scattering" -3 type passive very low frequency towed array sonar, used for remote passive detection warning, detection distance more than 100km. The boat is also equipped with sound velocity gradient meter, noise monitor, measure ice sonar and sounder so. .


To be added to the boat is equipped with integrated navigation system, including inertial navigation, ESG, satellite navigation and radio-locator, etc..


Radar and electronic warfare equipment, including the "spy on" I-band search radar, range 27km, "Field of Light" finder, "a round edge cap" and "Brick Group" electronic countermeasures equipment, "Kerim" -2 type enemy recognizer. .


To be added to the boat equipped with a conventional MW, SW, FM communication devices, equipped with a very low frequency towed buoys antenna to receive local 20 more long-wave transmitter signal. Boats are equipped with "activities on spring" satellite communication equipment in order to guarantee the submarines and ships and aircraft communications. The boat also has a very low frequency antenna, you can drag and drop the buoyancy underwater 90m submersible communication.


The class boat equipped with a "bus" type operations intelligence command system, unified by a computer to collect and process a variety of sensors send information to calculate the elements of several groups of target motion, showing the battlefield situation, make operational recommendations to control such weapons and fired. .


(Iii) technical characteristics analysis and commentary.


1. Technical characteristics. .


To be added to the boat is constructed of Russia's latest mega-attack submarine, you can perform a variety of combat missions, technical level and the US "Sea Wolf"-class nuclear-powered submarine, has the following technical features:.


(1) highly offensive. .


To be added to the boat is equipped with 8 with inboard torpedo tubes and 6 torpedo tubes with external, torpedo, anti-submarine missile, as well as remote and cruise missiles, and can also be launched anti-aircraft missiles. A total of 46 pieces loaded weapons, complete functions, advanced performance, you can complete the anti-submarine, countering, air defense, land attack and so on many kinds of combat missions, lasts.


(2) power, the speed of high mobility capability. .


To be added to the boat is equipped with a high-power, high-performance, compact layout, PWR unit so that the speed reached 36kn in design is almost the highest currently submarines, maneuvering speed capability.


(3) low noise, good stealth performance. .


In recent years the Russian nuclear submarines has adopted the United States to adopt all of the latest vibration and noise reduction technology, raft, outboard laying anechoic tiles, boat body fairing, reducing the water hole, using 7 leaf highly skewed propeller, etc., so that the noise is very low.


Of the class has taken a series of stealth measures, dive depth of 600m, therefore, stealth and the United States "Sea Wolf" class submarine quite. The class boat equipped with a number of non-acoustic detection sensor, enhanced detection capabilities. .


(4) the high level of automation.


Of the class in addition to operational command automation systems, power systems with centralized control room, a centralized console control, the submarine maneuvering control also has centralized control units, boats equipped with autopilot, servo steering, manual steering all control equipment, also has boat service automation control system, thus the high level of automation. A total of 85 crew, the crew of the displacement of negative Heda 107. .1 T / person than the United States "Sea Wolf" high-class nuclear submarine more than 55%. .


(5) living, sustainability is high.


Of the class of living than the previous levels have greatly improved the boat, the crew, spacious living space, amenities available, thus holding force. .


Up to 100 days.


2. Technical improvements. .


To be added to the boat into the boat and I-II type of boat, ⅱ boats than I-Captain 7m, mainly increased noise reduction device, external torpedo tubes and electronic devices, performance improvements, the displacement is also increased the 400t.


3. Prospects for development. .


To be added to the boat is currently being constructed by the level of nuclear submarines in 2010 will also be developed, is still a Russian attack submarine development focus.